Surveyaan: Drone Survey & Mapping Solutions - Blog #GCPSurveyaan: Drone Survey & Mapping Solutions - Blog #GCPhttps://www.surveyaan.com/blogs/tag/gcpFri, 13 Mar 2026 06:24:28 +0530http://zoho.com/sites/<![CDATA[LiDAR Surveying and Drones: What is Lidar Drone Survey ?]]>https://www.surveyaan.com/blogs/post/lidar-surveying-and-drones-what-is-lidar-drone-survey

In the fast-evolving field of geospatial technology, LiDAR surveying using drones is transforming how we map, measure, and manage the Earth’s surface. Whether it’s infrastructure planning, surveying, mining, forestry, or topographic mapping — LiDAR-equipped UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) are becoming indispensable tools for professionals across industries.

In this blog, we’ll explore what LiDAR drone surveying is, how it works, its benefits, applications, and why it is a game-changer for modern surveying.

Quick Question Before We Start:
Have you ever used a drone for work or fun?

What is LiDAR Surveying?

Imagine a technology that can see through trees, map ancient ruins, and even help self-driving cars navigate — that’s LiDAR!

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances. These pulses are emitted from a LiDAR sensor, bounce off surfaces, and return to the sensor, allowing it to calculate the precise distance between the object and the sensor. When mounted on a drone, LiDAR can collect millions of points per second — creating highly accurate 3D point clouds of terrain and structures. LIDAR is an ideal system for a variety of industries, including the civil engineering, roadwork and mining industries.

What is a LiDAR Drone?

It is simply a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) equipped with a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensor.

How Does LiDAR Drone Technology Work?

    1. Laser Pulses: The LiDAR sensor sends out rapid laser pulses — often hundreds of thousands per second.
    2. Return Signal: The laser hits a surface (ground, building, tree) and reflects back to the sensor.
    3. Distance Calculation: The time it takes for the laser to return is used to calculate the exact distance.
    4. 3D Model Creation: Combining all these points, software generates highly detailed 3D maps, called point clouds.

  1. This process allows surveyors to generate accurate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), and Digital Surface Models (DSMs).

Why Use a LiDAR Drone?

      Highly Accurate

      LiDAR drones can produce centimeter-level accuracy, making them ideal for topographic surveys, construction planning, and engineering projects.

      Vegetation Penetration

      Unlike cameras, LiDAR lasers can penetrate vegetation, allowing you to see the ground beneath trees and brush — crucial for forestry, archaeology, and environmental monitoring.

      Faster Data Collection

      Drone-based LiDAR surveys can cover large areas quickly — reducing time, labor, and cost compared to ground-based methods.

      Safe and Remote Access

      LiDAR drones can access steep, dangerous, or remote areas, reducing risk for field crews.

Think About It:
If LiDAR can “see through” foliage, where else could it be useful?

🌳 Forestry

🏗 Construction sites

🏛 Archaeology

Real-World Applications

Construction & Engineering

  No more guesswork! LiDAR drones create ultra-precise 3D models of construction sites.

  Cut costs by tracking stockpile volumes automatically.

Smart Farming

  Monitor crop health by scanning fields in minutes.

  Optimize irrigation with detailed elevation maps.

Mining & Quarries

  Measure stockpiles without climbing dangerous piles.

  Detect slope instability before collapses happen.

Forestry & Environment

  Count trees and estimate timber volume.

  Track deforestation with millimeter-level accuracy.

Did You Know?
LiDAR helped discover lost Mayan cities hidden under thick jungle!

Challenges & Limitations

High Initial Costs: Professional LiDAR drones cost $20,000–$100,000+.

Data Processing Complexity: Requires specialized software & expertise.

Regulatory Restrictions: Airspace regulations limit drone operations in urban areas.

Battery Life Constraints: Most drones have 20–40 min flight times, requiring multiple sorties.

LiDAR-equipped drones are transforming surveying by providing fast, accurate, and cost-effective geospatial data. Whether for construction, agriculture, mining, or urban planning, this technology enhances efficiency and decision-making.

This brings us to the end of the blog. I hope this article gained some knowledge for you!


Thank you for reading.

About SurveyGyaan


SurveyGyaan is an educational initiative under the Surveyaan brand, which is a subsidiary of Nibrus Technologies Private Limited. Surveypod specializes in DGNSS/DGPS manufacturing in INDIA.


Surveypod: www.surveypod.in


Surveyaan: www.surveyaan.com

]]>Wed, 02 Jul 2025 12:07:46 +0000<![CDATA[How DGNSS and Drone Surveying are Revolutionizing Land Surveying and Mining Industry]]>https://www.surveyaan.com/blogs/post/How-DGNSS-and-Drone-Surveying-are-Revolutionizing-Land-Surveying-and-Mining-Industry

When it comes to land surveying, accuracy and efficiency aren’t just nice to have — they’re everything. Whether you’re building roads, planning a mining site, or laying railway tracks, precision in your data collection is what lays the foundation for success. Enter DGNSS (Differential Global Navigation Satellite System) and drone-based surveying — two technologies that are transforming how surveyors and civil engineers work on the ground.

In this blog, we’ll break down what DGNSS and drone surveying are, how they work together, and why industries like mining, construction, road and railway departments are shifting to these modern tools.

What is DGNSS & Why Does It Matter for Drone Surveys? 

DGNSS = Differential GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

Unlike standard GPS (which can have 5–10m errors), DGNSS corrects satellite signals using:

    A base station (on a known coordinate)

    A rover (drone/RTK receiver)

This brings accuracy down to 1–2 cm — critical for engineering-grade surveys.

Two Flavors of DGNSS:

    RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) — Corrections sent live to the drone (best for real-time mapping).

    PPK (Post-Processed Kinematic) — Data corrected later using software (more reliable in areas with poor                         connectivity).

    Fun Fact: Our SurveyPod DGNSS supports both RTK & PPK, so you’re covered in any terrain.

What is Drone Surveying?

Drone surveying uses UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) equipped with high-resolution cameras or LiDAR sensors to capture aerial data over large areas. Instead of spending days walking the terrain with a total station, drones can cover 60 hectares in one flight — in just minutes.

Why Drones Make Sense:

  • Speed: Quick data capture means faster project planning.
  • Safety: No need to send people into dangerous or inaccessible areas.
  • Coverage: Large areas can be surveyed in a single flight.
  • Accuracy: With GNSS correction, drone data is incredibly precise.

    Fun Fact: Our Surveyaan V1 drone is a compact, sub-2kg UAV perfect for this.

How DGNSS and Drone Surveying Work Together

Here’s where it gets interesting. Drone surveying becomes exponentially more powerful when paired with DGNSS. With a GNSS base station providing corrections, you can geo-tag aerial images with high-accuracy coordinates, enabling:
  • Accurate orthomosaic/orthophotos, dsm/dtm, point clouds
  • Precise 3D and 2D models
  • Reliable contour and elevation data
For instance, in a road widening project, you could:

Who’s Using This Technology?

Industries already adopting UAVs + DGNSS surveys include:
    • Civil engineers & Surveyors: For land survey, topographic surveys, aerial maps and more.
    • Mining departments: For volume calculations, pit mapping, and safety monitoring.
    • Highway & Road departments: For route alignment, site inspection, and project monitoring.
    • Railway departments: For corridor mapping and encroachment analysis.
    • Infrastructure companies: For project planning, reporting, and audit documentation.

In a world where projects are bigger, timelines are tighter, and accuracy is non-negotiable, DGNSS and Drone surveying are not just buzzwords — they’re becoming the new standard. Whether you’re surveying a quarry, planning a bridge, or laying down a new railway line, combining these two technologies can save time, cut costs, and boost reliability

If you’re curious to explore how modern tools can help your team, check out our Surveypod DGNSS receiver and Surveyaan V1 drone — designed and built for real-world survey professionals like you.

]]>Wed, 02 Jul 2025 10:44:52 +0000<![CDATA[IBM Drone Survey SOP -  Rules for carrying out Drone Survey]]>https://www.surveyaan.com/blogs/post/ibm-drone-survey-sop-rules-for-carrying-out-drone-surveyThe Government released several sets of instructions to allow the operation of UAV drones called the Standard Operating Procedures for carrying out drone survey]]>

The Government released several sets of instructions to allow the operation of UAV drones called the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for carrying out drone survey and submission of Digital Aerial Images of Mining areas to Indian Bureau of Mines.

What is an SOP?

SOP stands for Standard Operating Procedure. A standard operating procedure is a document that contains step-by-step instructions and guidelines for employees to follow when performing a technical, repetitive process within an organization. SOPs are employed by a number of organizations to guarantee that tasks are carried out consistently, effectively, and with the least chance of error or omission.

Standard Operating Procedures for carrying out drone survey and submission of Digital Aerial Images of Mining areas to Indian Bureau of Mines

1. Drone Agency Registration and Permissions

There is no need to register with IBM for drone survey in mines. Drone Agencies or the lessee can conduct the survey while following all the applicable rules, regulations and guidelines notified by DGCA. Check the Airspace map from the Digital Sky website. The drone airspace map is an interactive map of India that demarcates the red, yellow and green zones across the country.


Green zones are the unrestricted zones where drones can be operated without any permission


Yellow zones are controlled zones and the drone can only be operated after a permission from DGCA.


Red zones are highly restricted zones and can be operated only after permission from the authorities.

From Airspace Map of India above, In the Airport Yellow [8-12 km] zone , drones can be operated only upto 60m. In the Airport Yellow [5-8 km] zone and Airport Red zone , drones can be operated only after permission from DGCA.

From the figure as shown above, we can see that this is the International Boundary. This is a highly restricted zone.

2. Drone Specification

Drones used for the survey should follow DGCA guidelines and should possess mandatory safety features as notified by DGCA from time to time.

3. Sensor/Camera Specification and output data resolution

The drone should have a minimum 20 megapixel or higher resolution RGB camera with the capability to capture high-quality undistorted pictures. Camera should have the resolution to capture the images less than 5 cm Ground Sample Distance or 5 cm per pixel. The resolution of Digital Elevation Model should be 15 cm/pixel.

4. Drone flying path and flying height

The path plan should be such that there is enough overlap between the photos. The front overlap should be minimum 80% and side overlap should be minimum 70%. The flight altitude should be as per DGCA prescribed limits. The camera angle should be kept at 90° vertically downwards.

5. Survey Area

The survey should cover the entire mining lease area capturing all mining, allied activities and 100m beyond periphery of the mine lease boundary to monitor the environmental impact and ascertaining any excavation therein. The flight path plan and the numbers of flights taken to cover the entire area shall be provided to IBM along with the output data. For leases having common mine boundary, the survey may be limited up to the lease boundary for the sides, the lease shares common boundary with another lease.

6. Ground Control Point for Drone Surveys

Each mine must establish at least 5 GCPs per sq. km of lease area with a certified DGPS instrument before undertaking the drone survey. If area is less than 1 sq.km, 4 GCPs are only needed.


Points to Note while placing GCPs:

  • GCP must be easily visible.
  • It should be well distributed all over the area.
  • Dimensions: Minimum 50cm by 50cm and mark X with contrast colors
  • Increase the size of the GCP depending at which height you fly.
  • The Root Mean Square (RMS) Error should be less than 5cm.
  • At least 3 GCPs must be placed permanently at undisturbed locations and has to be covered in subsequent surveys to cross check the error.
  • Boundary pillars shouldn’t be considered as permanent GCPs.

7. Drone Survey Time

It is advised to fly the drone in better conditions when the sky is clear and the sun is overhead to minimize the shadows in photographs. Do not fly the drone when it is rainy or windy.

8. Co-ordinate Reference System

The Co-ordinate Reference System of the photos captured and used in drone survey should be in (Latitude, Longitude) with WGS84 Datum and Decimal Degrees/Degree Minute Seconds as unit.


To find the coordinates of the photo used in the drone survey, right click on the image and got to Properties and then switch to the Details tab and scroll down to the GPS section.

From the Figure above, these are the photos captured by the drone and here you can see that the (Latitude, Longitude) values are in Degree Minute Second (DMS).


The Orthomosaic shall be submitted in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and unit as meters.

From Figure  above, this is an orthomosaic file and here it is in UTM Coordinate Reference System having EPSG Code: 32643 and the coordinate values are in meters.


The GCPs survey data and boundary pillar coordinates shall be submitted in (Latitude, Longitude) with WGS84 Datum and Degree Minute Seconds as unit.


The precision of the data submitted in (Latitude, Longitude) with WGS84 Datum should be in format as (DD MM SS.SSSSSS)

From Figure  above, it shows the properties of an image used in drone survey. Here the (Latitude, Longitude) values are in Degree Minute Second (DMS) and in the seconds value you need to have precision upto 6 digits.

9. Preservation of Raw and Processed Data


The raw and processed data of each survey must be kept safely with the lessee for a minimum period of five years. The data must be submitted to IBM in case required by IBM for verification at any stage. The data can be stored in cloud platforms such as Surveyaan Geoworkspace, so that there is no risk of getting the data lost or corrupted.


Now, we will continue in the next blog mentioning about the data outputs and formats needed to be submitted to IBM.

]]>Sat, 06 Jan 2024 13:44:06 +0000<![CDATA[Guidelines for Automated Drone Mapping Part 1]]>https://www.surveyaan.com/blogs/post/guidelines-for-automated-drone-mapping-part-1Drones have come a long way in the survey and construction sectors, and their capabilities have greatly improved]]>

Drones have come a long way in the survey and construction sectors, and their capabilities have greatly improved over time, making UAVs the surveyors’ best friend. Before diving into how to fly the drone, let’s ensure we understand the practice.


The automated drones are controlled using Ground Control Software (GCS). Ground Control Software is a tool for the user to control the drone. One should follow these steps for an efficient drone survey.


The initial phase for Drone Mapping is it’s Planning.


Planning

Planning is the most important step of the drone mapping. If done properly, flying drone on the field is a cakewalk. One of the better ways to plan a survey site is by creating KMLs beforehand. KML files store geographic data and are a great way to define flight area boundaries in Google Earth. Users can import the KML file as a polyline or polygon. Polylines can represent the line features and can be used for corridor mapping. Polygons can be used for general land surveys and to describe other polygon features.

Locate Your Site

Follow these steps before going to the field.

  • Use Google Earth to get an idea of the survey site.
  • Try to create a KML file of the site from the office itself. This will help the user to spend less time on the site and be more aware of the site.
  • Prepare the GCP points before going to the field.

Setting up GCP Points

Ground control points (GCPs) are places on the ground with precisely known locations. GCPs are primarily used in projects that exclusively demand precision mapping, like construction, mining, topographic surveying, etc. You should use ground control points if your project requires high global accuracy. GCP points are measured through DGPS.


Generally, per sq km or 100 Hectares, 4–5 GCPs are more than sufficient to geo-reference raster data.


The thumb rule of placing the GCP is that wherever there’s an abrupt change in the terrain, you can place the GCP, and also, GCPs should be spread out uniformly throughout the terrain.

Obtaining high-accuracy survey-grade coordinates for your GCPs is critical.

Alternative to GCP

To improve the accuracy of the GNSS data, there are two techniques:

Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) is a GPS correction technology that provides real-time location data corrections when the survey drone captures site photos. Ground control points are unnecessary if you use an R.T.K. drone.

Above Figure shows the Real Time Kinetic (RTK) method. In this method, the satellites are communicating with the GNSS base station and the drone which acts as a rover. The GNSS base station communicates with the drone base and from the drone base station correction signals are sent to the drone.

Post Processed Kinematic (PPK) is another GPS correction technique that corrects location data after the drone data has been captured and uploaded.

Figure 5 shows the Post Processed Kinematic (PPK) method. In this method, there is no communication between the GNSS base station and the drone.

Factors to keep in Mind when it comes to Accuracy

The quality of the GCPs, Low image resolution, and lousy lighting contribute to loss of accuracy. If the GCPs are not appropriately marked, it can affect the positional accuracy. Drones flying at high altitudes with improper overlap can result in low resolution and accuracy errors. Plan the mission when there is adequate sunlight. Less or more sunlight can tamper with the results.

Camera Requirements

Resolution
The drone should have a higher resolution RGB camera with the capability to capture high-quality undistorted pictures. The more the resolution, the better the quality of the images.

ISO
ISO is the camera sensor’s sensitivity to light. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO is more sensitive. 400 ISO and below will provide good images.

Shutter Speed
It’s the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. Shutter speeds between 1/240 and 1/1,200 should provide images without motion blur.

Drone Controls

Now, that you understand about camera, accuracy, GCPs, we can discuss a bit about the drone controls.

  1. Pre-Checks: Before each flight, it is mandatory to arm the drone to check whether the propellers are correctly locked. Make sure all the sensors are calibrated properly.
  2. Return To Home: The return to home option is to call the drone back to its home in case of emergencies while flying a mission.
  3. Land: It is used to land the drone at its current position. The drone will land at the position where the option was triggered by keeping the position locked and will land on the ground.

        

 Last but not least, we will discuss the altitude at which the drone should be flown and how forward and side   overlap affects the quality of the map.

  1. Altitude: It may also come as no shock that flying the drone at a higher altitude helps the camera cover more land area in a single image with fewer batteries and less time overall. This interprets more enormous possibilities for capturing distinctive features in multiple images. But the reciprocation is that the image’s resolution and accuracy will be compromised. Flying at low altitudes captures more details of the area. It also helps match common points while processing, increasing the image resolution and accuracy.
  2. Overlap: Each drone has a different field of view (FOV) based on the camera. This has consequences for mission planning, particularly for mapping missions that use overlap to determine flight paths.


Overlap matches the features between photographs. There are two types of overlap:

Front Overlap: The overlap between successive photographs on a flight path is called front overlap. Increasing the front overlap makes the camera capture more photos quickly. It only affects the number of images.


Side Overlap: The overlap between photographs in adjacent parallel flight paths is called the side overlap. Increasing the side overlap gives more matched features in the imagery but reduces the area your drone can cover in one flight. The flight duration also increases as the number of lines increases.

Increasing the overlap for a flight creates more matched points and greater accuracy. Lower altitude and higher overlapping will increase the number of images and the time required for the flight, but worth it in the long run, as this helps obtain high-resolution images.

Now, we will continue in the next blog mentioning about some interesting facts related to Drone Mapping.


To be continued…

]]>Thu, 14 Dec 2023 13:40:30 +0000<![CDATA[Ground Control Points in Drone Survey]]>https://www.surveyaan.com/blogs/post/ground-control-points-in-drone-surveyGround Control Points (GCPs) are defined as the points on the surface of the earth which help to georeference raster data such as satellite, aerial, or drone imagery.]]>

Ground Control Points (GCPs) are defined as the points on the surface of the earth which help to georeference raster data such as satellite, aerial, or drone imagery. They help in high-precision drone mapping. GCPs reduce the margin of error from a scale of meters to centimeters.


They usually look like checkboard and are marked on the ground. They are marked with black and white color because it is easy to spot from high altitudes. They are also marked with numbers so that it is easy to identify them.

How to create GCP Placement?

  • The individual GCPs should have a size of at least 1.5 meter x 1.5 meters so that it is visible from a higher altitude.


  • The GCP points should be spread out evenly throughout the map so that the raster data is geo-referenced properly.
  • The GCP should be clearly visible and unobstructed.
  • A minimum of 3 GCPs are required.

    What if Printed Banners are not available?

    1. You can use black spray paint on a white background and mark the GCPs using the “X” sign. Also, make sure to mark a number next to each point to assist with identification at the time of processing.
    2. If spray paints are not available, you can always use Lime or similar stuff to mark on the ground.

    How is GCP measured?

    Surveyors use a surveying instrument known as DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) to place on the center of the GCP point and note down the accurate data and preserve it in the logbook.

Why do we need GCPs?

GCPs can be considered reference points. To know why we need GCPs, we need to know what accuracy is.


Accuracy is how close a given set of measurements are to their true value.


There are two types of accuracy:


Absolute accuracy is derived from comparing the position of real-world point data to the position of the data points within a processed map. For example, the absolute accuracy is high if a point, let’s say, a house or a road is matching the exact location with the real-world data.

Here in Fig above, Imagine A is a house nearby a road in the real world (left) and to the (right) is the processed map. On the map, the house is positioned in the middle of the road. Here the map has an absolute error as the house is in the wrong place.

Relative accuracy is the degree to which a given point on a map is accurate relative to other points within that same map. For example, the relative accuracy is high if two points have the same distance between them on the processed map, and in reality.

Here in Fig above, Imagine the distance between the 2 roads to be 14 m in the real world. If the distance between these 2 roads in the processed map is also the same, then we can say that there is no relative error.


This is why we need GCP points for making maps with high absolute and relative accuracy.


Whether or not, we need to plan GCP for a project depends on the use case. If the use case is just to take measurements of objects you don’t need GCPs but if the use case is related to land surveys in need of positional accuracy, then we need GCPs.


When and where to use GCP?


As you know they are also known as reference points, GCP points are also used to create a model or replica of the world terrain. GCPs are primarily used in projects that exclusively demand precision mapping like construction, mining, topographic surveying, etc. If your project requires a high degree of global accuracy, then you should use ground control points.


Generally, per sq. km or 100 Hectares, 4–5 GCPs are more than sufficient to geo-reference raster data. The thumb rule of placing the GCP is that wherever there’s an abrupt change in the terrain, you can place the GCP, and also GCPs should be spread out uniformly throughout the terrain

GCP Accuracy

With the help of any Photogrammetry Software, we can get a detailed GCP report. For those of you who are not familiar with what RMSE is, Root Mean Square Error or RMSE is used to measure the difference between 2 values or datasets. Here the first dataset is the error value obtained from the GCP points in the ground and the second dataset is the error value obtained after processing in the Photogrammetry Software.

Here in this report, we can view the GCP number, GCP label, and Error-values obtained.

Now let us see how to calculate the RMSE. The formula for calculating the RMSE error is

Where:

Pi = Predicted Value, Oi = Observed Value, n = Number of Observations


(Pi — Oi) = Here the X, Y, and Z errors are the difference between the Predicted and Observed values


N = 4

Hope this article gained some knowledge for you!


Thanks for reading.

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]]>Tue, 06 Dec 2022 05:46:00 +0000<![CDATA[Volumetric Survey using Pseudo GCP Method]]>https://www.surveyaan.com/blogs/post/volumetric-survey-using-pseudo-gcp-methodVolumetric surveys are topographical surveys that accurately quantify the volume of material removed from or placed at a location.]]>

Volumetric surveys are topographical surveys that accurately quantify the volume of material removed from or placed at a location. It is basically done by comparing two surveys conducted at the same place at different point of time. They are performed for several reasons, such as obtaining volumes of material stockpiles, determining required fill, or calculating the amount of material removed from a site.

When using a drone to conduct survey, we require GCPs to improve the accuracy. Placing GCPs itself is a very tedious task and taking measurement using DGPS or Total Station is little time consuming. Alternatively, we can use RTK drones to improve the accuracy but they come at a hefty price.

We, at Surveyaan, have devised a new method to escape from taking measurement using DGPS or Total Station. We can easily conduct Volumetric Survey using so-called Pseudo GCP method.

Workflow

    1. Place at least 4–5 GCPs at the site. Make sure they are not placed at the location where Volumetric Survey needs to be conducted.
    2. Fly the drone and collect Raw photos. We would advise you to fly with Surveyaan ONE.
    3. Keep the GCPs at the same place for the next time.
    4. Process the collected dataset in your favourite Photogrammetry software.
    5. Now, you have the initial Survey results and you get the GCPs values too.
    6. Suppose, you want to conduct the survey after 15 days. So, you go to the same site again. Make sure all the GCPs are placed at the same location and fly the drone.
    7. This time, process the dataset using GCP method. You can get the values of GCPs from the initial survey. This step would ensure that both the topographical surveys have been conducted at the same base.
    8. Once processed, you could easily find the relative Cut and Fill volume.

    Volume Calculation using Surveyaan GeoWorkspace

    1. Select the Second Survey (which was conducted after 15 days).
    2. Select Volume in Measurement Tools.
    3. Select Compare DEM as Base Elevation Method.
    4. Optional, check the DTM checkbox.
    5. Select the Initial Survey Project Name.

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]]>Tue, 06 Dec 2022 05:46:00 +0000